Research Frontiers 2015 Research Frontiers 2015 Research Frontiers 2015 Research Frontiers 2015 137 As of December 2015, the cumulative number of users who visited SPring-8 for their experiments since 1997 was as high as 200,000, showing that SPring-8 has been reliably and continuously contributing to the SR community as a center of advanced photon science. Indeed, as reported in the next section in detail, SPring-8 was stably operated throughout 2015 with the total operation time of the storage ring and the total user beam time of 4805.8 h and 4033.9 h, respectively, with the total down time of 16.8 h. Because of the major renovation of an extra- high-tension power source starting from the end of December 2015 up to the end of March 2016, SPring-8 had to complete all its operations by the middle of December 2015, making the machine schedule quite tight and, thus, challenging. Regarding its research proposal system, SPring-8 introduced a novel category of proposals for the public beamlines, called Epoch-Making Initiatives Projects, which entails the creation and development of unexplored fields in combined and interdisciplinary research beyond the boundaries of traditional fields and the broadening of the basis for using SPring-8. Concerning the contract beamlines, JAEA Quantum D y n a m i c s ( B L 11 X U ) , J A E A M a t e r i a l s Science (BL14B1), JAEA Quantum Structural Science (BL22XU), JAEA Actinide Science (BL23SU), Catalytic Reaction Dynamics for Fuel Cell (BL36XU, The University of Electro- Communication), and Hyogo ID (BL24XU, Hyogo Prefecture), have undergone the interim review process for the year 2015 and all their proposals have been approved for continuation. At the time of writing this report, SPring-8 users number as many as 11,000, all of whom are respected members of the SPring-8 User Community (SPRUC). It is, hence, important for SPring-8 to jointly organize scientific events with SPRUC, such as the SPring-8 Symposium and The Joint Conference on Industrial Applications of SPring-8, to facilitate dialogue between them. In 2015, the SPring-8 Symposium was held on September 13 –14, 2015, at Kyushu University with a participant number of 259, and The Joint Conference on Industrial Applications of SPring-8 held on September 3 – 4, 2015, Kawasaki, had 296 participants. As part of its continuous effort towards the fostering of human resources, SPring-8 organized the 15th SPring-8 Summer School with 66 students of graduate schools nationwide, on cooperation with Hyogo University, Kwansei Gakuin University, the University of Tokyo, Okayama University, and Japan Atomic Energy Agency. By hosting those delegations from APS, ESRF, and DESY, SPring-8 organized the 15th Three-Way Meeting from February 26, 2015, and lasting three days, to reconsider the raison d'etre of this meeting that has continued for more than twenty years. This latest meeting reconfirmed its significance, and it was decided to hold the next one at DESY in the early autumn of 2016. As in the past years, SPring-8 contributed to the synchrotron radiation community of the Asia-Oceania region by organizing the Cheiron School for young scientists/engineers from this region for the period of September 10–19, 2015. There were 60 participants who joined the school for the year. As an annual event, SPring-8 held its 23rd Open House on Sunday, April 26, 2015, to communicate with the local community. The total number of visitors was 5,634, which provided an excellent opportunity to win public understanding of the highly advanced photon science realized at SPring-8 and SACLA. SPring-8 I. Introduction The 15 th Three-Way Meeting Research Frontiers 2015 Research Frontiers 2015 138 II. Machine Operation The operation statistics for the last five fiscal years are shown in Fig. 1 . In FY2015, the total operation time of the accelerator complex was 4817.9 h. The operation time of the storage ring was 4804.8 h, 84.0% of which (4033.9 h) was for SR experiments. This excellent figure of user time represents a storage ring availability of 99.45%, which ranks with the best record of 99.46% established last year. The downtime resulting from failure accounted for 0.45% (16.8 h) of the total user time, and no loss of user time exceeding several hours occurred. The intensity of the light source, i.e., the stored current, is kept extremely stable owing to the top-up operation, in which the current is filled up at any time on demand. The dead band of the stored current in the top-up operation is routinely 0.03 mA (0.03%) and the current stayed within 0.1% in 99.5% of the user time in FY2015, which also beats the all-time record of 99.2% in FY2012. The variety of operation modes is one of the characteristics of SPring-8. The operation modes are grouped into the multibunch mode, several-bunch mode, and hybrid-filling mode. There has been no user operation with the multibunch mode since FY2011. The several- bunch mode consists of equally spaced bunches or bunch trains, i.e., 203 bunches, or 29 trains of 11 bunches, and the hybrid-filling mode is composed of a long bunch train and isolated single bunches, as shown in Table 1 , where the share of each operation mode is also shown. An isolated bunch impurity is routinely maintained less than 10 –8 in the top-up operation by bunch cleaning in the booster. The bunch current is also kept constant within a 1% band by the top-up operation. Table 2 summarizes the beam parameters of the storage ring. Fig. 1. Operation statistics for most recent five fiscal years. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Tuning Refill Down Time User Time 4918.6 5078.8 4330.0 5099.3 4904.2 5063.1 4265.5 5080.7 803.0 884.0 898.0 1024.7 4.4 5.2 3.5 5.1 57.0 39.2 20.0 17.1 117.7 107.7 213.0 163.2 4058.5 4155.6 3408.5 4057.8 4120.0 4200.0 3432.0 4080.0 98.5 98.9 99.3 99.5 4817.9 4804.8 748.8 5.3 16.8 202.8 4033.9 4056.0 99.5 FY2011 FY2012 FY2013 FY2014 FY2015 Hours Refill Down Time Achieved User Time Planning User Time Availability (%) Accelerator Operation Time Storage Ring Operation Time Tuning & Study (Acc. & BL) Mean Time Between Failures Energy [GeV] 8 Number of buckets 2436 Tunes ( / ) ν x ν y 41.14 / 19.34 Current [mA]: single-bunch 12 multi-bunch 100 Bunch length ( ) [psec] σ 13 Horizontal emittance [nm • rad] 2.4 * Vertical emittance [pm • rad] 4.8 * Coupling [%] 0.2 RF Voltage [MV] 14.4 * * ~ 16 Momentum acceptance [%] Beam size ( σ x / / σ y ) * ) [ μ m] Long ID section 333 / 7 ID section 316 / 5 BM1 section 94 / 12 3.2 ( ~ 256 MeV) BM2 section 100 / 12 Beam divergence σ x ' σ y ' [ μ rad] Long ID section 8 / 0.7 ID section 9 / 1.0 BM1 section 58 / 0.5 / BM2 section 68 / 0.5 Operational chromaticities ξ x ξ y +2 / +2 * * * Lifetime [h]: 100 mA (multi-bunch) ~ 250 1 mA (single-bunch) ~ 30 Horizontal dispersion [m]: Long ID section 0.153 ID section 0.146 BM1 section 0.039 BM2 section 0.059 Fast orbit stability (0.1 – 200 Hz) horizontal (rms) ~ 4 ~ 1 vertical (rms) * Assuming 0.2% coupling * * Power saving mode * * * With bunch-by-bunch feedback ( / ) * ( [ μ m]: Table 2. Beam parameters of the SPring-8 storage ring Table 1. Operation modes in FY2015 203 bunches 4 bunch-train × 84 11 bunch-train × 29 1/7-filling + 5 single bunches 2/29-filling + 26 single bunches 1/14-filling + 12 single bunches 4/58-filling + 53 single bunches Single bunch current (mA) Share of operation time (%) 21.3 0.0 35.5 8.9 6.5 11.2 0.0 3 1.4 1.6 1 11/29-filling + 1 single bunch 16.6 5 Research Frontiers 2015 Research Frontiers 2015 Research Frontiers 2015 Research Frontiers 2015 139 III. Beamlines The SPring-8 storage ring can accommodate up to 62 beamlines: 34 insertion devices, 4 long undulators, and 24 bending magnets. At the time of writing, 56 beamlines were in operation, covering a wide variety of research fields involving synchrotron radiation science and technology. The beamlines are classified into the following four types. (1) Public Beamlines (2) Contract Beamlines (3) RIKEN Beamlines (4) Accelerator Diagnostics Beamlines There are now 26 public beamlines in full operation. The beamlines that are proposed and constructed by external organizations, such as universities, research institutes, and private companies, are called contract beamlines and are exclusively used by the contractors for their own research purposes. At present, 19 contract beamlines are in operation. The contract beamlines include the NSRRC BM (BL12B2) and NSRRC ID (BL12XU) beamlines, which were constructed by the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center of Taiwan. The beamlines constructed by RIKEN are called RIKEN beamlines, and are mainly used for RIKEN's own research activities, with partial availability for public use. RIKEN is now operating 9 beamlines and is reconstructing one beamline. In addition, two accelerator diagnostics beamlines are in operation (BL05SS accelerator diagnostics beamline is also partly available for public use). To illustrate the beamline portfolio of SPring-8, a beamline map is shown in Fig. 2 together with the beamline classification. The research fields of each beamline are presented in Table 3 . Main Bldg. Powder Diffraction Accelerator Beam Diagnosis BL38B2 BL02B2 RIKEN Coherent X-ray Optics RIKEN Structural Genomics II RIKEN Targeted Proteins RIKEN Structural Genomics I BL29XU BL32XU BL26B2 BL26B1 Soft X-ray Spectroscopy of Solid BL25SU Hyogo ID BL24XU JAEA Actinide Science BL23SU JAEA Quantum Structural Science BL22XU RIKEN Structural Biology I RIKEN Materials Science Engineering Science Research III Soft X-ray Photochemistry Magnetic Materials Structural Biology III High Flux Structural Biology II Structural Biology I White Beam X-ray Diffraction RIKEN Quantum NanoDynamics High Resolution lnelastic Scattering Trace Element Analysis XAFS Single Crystal Structure Analysis High Temperature and High Pressure Research Accelerator Beam Diagnosis High Energy Inelastic Scattering BL45XU BL44B2 Infrared Materials Science BL43 IR BL46XU BL27SU BL39XU BL38B1 BL35XU BL40XU BL40B2 BL41XU BL28B2 BL43 LXU BL37XU BL01B1 BL02B1 BL04B1 BL05SS BL08W Nuclear Resonant Scattering BL09XU High Pressure Research BL10XU Hyogo BM BL08B2 Advanced Softmaterial (Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University) (Japan Atomic Energy Agency) (Japan Atomic Energy Agency) (The University of Tokyo) (Advanced Softmaterial Beamline Consortium) (Japan Atomic Energy Agency) Laser-Electron Photon RIKEN The University-of-Tokyo Outstation Beamline for Materials Science JAEA Quantum Dynamics High Energy X-ray Diffraction BL33LEP (TOYOTA Central R&D Labs., Inc.) TOYOTA BL33XU BL32B2 Macromolecular Assemblies (Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University) BL44XU (The University of Electro-Communications) Catalytic Reaction Dynamics for Fuel Cells BL36XU (Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University) Laser-Electron Photon II BL31LEP ( Kyoto University ) RISING BL28XU HAXPES • μ CT BL47XU BL07LSU BL11XU Surface and Interface Structures BL13XU (Japan Atomic Energy Agency) JAEA Materials Science BL14B1 Engineering Science Research II BL14B2 (National Institute for Materials Science) WEBRAM BL15XU (SUNBEAM Consortium) SUNBEAM ID BL16XU (SUNBEAM Consortium) SUNBEAM BM BL16B2 RIKEN Coherent Soft X-ray Spectroscopy BL17SU RIKEN SR Physics BL19LXU Engineering Science Research I BL19B2 Medical and Imaging II BL20XU Medical and Imaging I BL20B2 (National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center) NSRRC ID BL12XU (National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center) NSRRC BM BL12B2 BL04B2 BL03XU (Hyogo Prefecture) (Hyogo Prefecture) Beamline Map • Insertion Device (6 m) • Long Straight Sec. (30 m) • Bending Magnet Total number of beamlines : 62 : 34 ( ) : 4 ( ) : 24 ( ) Beamline Bending Magnets X-ray Undulator Soft X-ray Undulator Wiggler BL: B1, B2: XU: SU: W: IR: LEP: LXU: LSU: Infrared Radiation Laser-Electron Photon Long-length X-ray Undulator Long-length Soft X-ray Undulator SS: Straight Section WEBRAM: NSRRC: Wide Energy Range Beamline for Research in Advanced Materials National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Taiwan RISING: Research & Development Initiative for Scientific Innovation of New Generation Batteries : Accelerator Diagnostics Beamlines : Contract Beamlines : RIKEN Beamlines : Public Beamlines : Planned or Under Construction Fig. 2. Beamline map. Research Frontiers 2015 Research Frontiers 2015 140 Table 3. List of beamlines (First Beam ) or (Oct. 1997) XAFS in wide energy region (3.8 to 113 keV). XAFS of dilute systems and thin films. Quick XAFS with a time resolution of seconds to tens of seconds. (Oct. 1997) XAFS BL01B1 Single Crystal Structure Analysis Charge density study and crystal structure analysis from accurate single crystal diffraction measurements. (X-ray energy range: 8 –115 keV) BL02B1 Charge density study and phase identification of crystalline materials from accurate powder diffraction measurements. (X-ray energy range: 12.4 – 35 keV) (Sept. 1999) Powder Diffraction BL02B2 High temperature and high pressure research with the multi-anvil press by powder X-ray diffraction, radiography and ultrasonic measurement. (Oct. 1997) High Temperature and High Pressure Research BL04B1 Pair distribution analysis for glass, liquid, and amorphous materials. High-energy X-ray total scattering. Containerless levitation. (Sept. 1999) High Energy X-ray Diffraction BL04B2 Magnetic Compton scattering. High-resolution Compton scattering. High-energy Bragg scattering. High-energy fluorescent X-ray analysis. (Oct. 1997) High Energy Inelastic Scattering BL08W Lattice dynamics using nuclear inelastic scattering. Mössbauer spectroscopy, especially for the surface/interface study and under the extreme conditions. Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). Depth analysis of HAXPES with high flux and energy resolution. (Oct. 1997) Nuclear Resonant Scattering BL09XU Structure analysis and phase transitions under ultra high pressure ( DAC experiment). Earth and planetary science. (Oct. 1997) High Pressure Research BL10XU Atomic-scale structural analysis of surfaces and interfaces of crystalline materials, ultra-thin films, and nanostructures. Surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD). Microbeam diffraction. (Sept. 2001) Surface and Interface Structures BL13XU XAFS in wide energy region (3.8 to 72 keV). XAFS of dilute systems and thin films. (Sept. 2007) Engineering Science Research II BL14B2 Residual stress measurement. Structural analysis of thin film, surface, interface. Powder diffraction. X-ray imaging, X-ray topography. Ultra-small angle X-ray scattering. (Nov. 2001) Engineering Science Research I BL19B2 Microimaging. Hard X-ray microbeam/scanning microscopy, imaging microscopy, microtomography, phase-contrast microtomography with Bonse-Hart interferometer, X-ray holography, coherent X-ray optics, and other experiments on X-ray optics and developments of optical elements. Medical application. Microangiography, refraction-enhanced imaging, phase-contrast CT using interferometer. Ultra-small angle scattering. (Sept. 2001) Medical and Imaging II BL20XU Microimaging: microtomography, phase-contrast microtomography with grating interferometer for biological specimen and other kinds of specimen. Evaluation and development of various kinds of optical elements for novel imaging techniques. Large field X-ray topography. (Sept. 1999) Medical and Imaging I BL20B2 Study of electronic state of solids by soft X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (PES) including angle-resolved PES (ARPES). Atomic arrangement analysis of surfaces by photoelectron diffraction (PED) technique using two-dimensional photoemission analyzer. Magnetic state analysis by magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) of soft X-ray absorption and its element-specific magnetization curve measurements. Chemical and magnetic imaging by soft X-ray scanning microscopy and photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM). (Apr. 1998) Soft X-ray Spectroscopy of Solid BL25SU Ambient atmospheric pressure soft X-ray photoabsorption spectroscopy. Chemical state analysis of light elements in dilute samples (NEXAFS). Elemental and chemical mapping using micro soft X-ray beam. Soft X-ray emission spectroscopy for solids. (May 1998) Soft X-ray Photochemistry BL27SU White X-ray diffraction and topography. Time-resolved energy-dispersive XAFS (DXAFS) for studies of chemical and/or physical reaction process. Biomedical imaging and radiation biology studies. (Sept. 1999) White Beam X-ray Diffraction BL28B2 Materials dynamics on ~meV energy scales using inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS). (Sept. 2001) High Resolution Inelastic Scattering BL35XU X-ray microbeam spectrochemical analysis. Ultra trace element analysis. High energy X-ray fluorescence analysis. (Nov. 2002) Trace Element Analysis BL37XU Structural biology. Macromolecular crystallography. Automatic data collection. (Oct. 2000) Structural Biology lll BL38B1 X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectroscopy and element-specific magnetometry under multiple-extreme conditions. XMCD/XAS using a sub-micron X-ray beam. X-ray emission spectroscopy. Resonant X-ray magnetic scattering. (Oct. 1997) Magnetic Materials BL39XU Time-resolved diffraction and scattering experiments. Microbeam X-ray diffraction and scattering experiments. X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. Fluorescence analysis. Quick XAFS. Submicrometer-scale single crystal structure analysis with high flux and zone plate focused X-ray beam. Single shot imaging with X-ray choppers. Laser pump-X-ray probe experiment. (Apr. 2000) High Flux BL40XU Noncrystalline small and wide angle X-ray scattering. (Sept. 1999) Structural Biology II BL40B2 Structural biology. Macromolecular crystallography. Microcrystallography. High resolution data collection. (Oct. 1997) Structural Biology l BL41XU Infrared microspectroscopy. (Apr. 2000) Infrared Materials Science BL43IR Structural characterization of thin films by X-ray diffraction and X-ray reflectivity measurement. Residual stress measurement. Time resolved X-ray diffraction measurement. Hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. (Nov. 2000) Engineering Science Research lll BL46XU Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). Depth analysis of angle resolved HAXPES with wide acceptance lens. Projection type microtomography. Imaging type microtomography. Hard X-ray microbeam/scanning microscopy. (Oct. 1997) HAXPES • μ CT BL47XU Public Beamlines BL # Beamline Name Areas of Research (Public Use ) Research Frontiers 2015 Research Frontiers 2015 Research Frontiers 2015 Research Frontiers 2015 141 BL # Beamline Name Areas of Research ( First Beam ) or ( Public Use ) Contract Beamlines RIKEN Beamlines BL # Areas of Research ( First Beam ) or ( Public Use ) Accelerator Diagnostics Beamlines High resolution photoemission spectroscopy. Soft X-ray emission spectroscopy for liquid and biological samples. Soft X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Surface science. SR science with highly brilliant X-ray beam. Structural genomics research based on single crystal X-ray diffraction. Structural genomics research based on single crystal X-ray diffraction. X-ray optics, especially coherent X-ray optics. Structural materials science research using powder X-ray diffraction. Time-resolved and static structures of non-crystalline biological materials using small-angle scattering and diffraction techniques. Accelerator beam diagnostics. R&D of accelerator components. Nano-forensic science. Accelerator beam diagnostics. RIKEN Coherent Soft X-ray Spectroscopy RIKEN SR Physics BL17SU BL19LXU BL26B1 RIKEN Structural Genomics I BL26B2 RIKEN Structural Genomics II BL29XU RIKEN Coherent X-ray Optics Protein microcrystallography. BL32XU RIKEN Targeted Proteins BL44B2 RIKEN Materials Science BL45XU RIKEN Structural Biology I BL05SS Accelerator Beam Diagnosis BL38B2 Accelerator Beam Diagnosis (Sept. 2003) (Oct. 2000) (Apr. 2002) (Apr. 2002) (Dec. 1998) (Oct. 2009) (Feb. 1998) (Jul. 1997) (Mar. 2004) (Sept. 1999) High resolution inelastic X-ray scattering for investigating atomic and electronic dynamics. BL43LXU RIKEN Quantum NanoDynamics (Oct. 2011) XAFS in a wide energy region. Small angle X-ray scattering for structural analyses of polymer and nanocomposite materials. X-ray topography. Imaging. Powder diffraction with a high angular-resolution. BL08B2 Hyogo BM (Hyogo Prefecture) Structural characterization of softmaterials using small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering. Grazing-incidence small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering for thin films. X-ray diffraction and reflectivity measurements for softmaterials. Time-resolved soft X-ray spectroscopy, nano-beam photoemission spectroscopy, ultra high-resolution soft X-ray emission spectroscopy, and any methods requiring the highly brilliant soft X-ray beam. BL03XU Advanced Softmaterial (Advanced Softmaterial Beamline Consortium) BL07LSU The University-of-Tokyo Outstation Beamline for Materials Science (The University of Tokyo) (Jun. 2005) (Nov. 2009) (Oct. 2009) Nuclear scattering. Surface and interface structure analysis with MBE. Inelastic X-ray scattering. XAFS. BL11XU JAEA Quantum Dynamics (Oct. 1998) X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Powder X-ray diffraction. High resolution X-ray scattering. Protein crystallography. BL12B2 NSRRC BM (National Synchrotron Rad. Res. Center) (Oct. 2000) High resolution non-resonant or resonant inelastic X-ray scattering. High resolution near-edge X-ray Raman scattering. Phase transitions under high-pressure, low and high temperatures. High-resolution X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy. X-ray physics and optics. BL12XU NSRRC ID (National Synchrotron Rad. Res. Center) (Dec. 2001) Materials science under high-temperature and high-pressure. In situ study on catalysis using dispersive XAFS. X-ray diffraction for structure physics. BL14B1 JAEA Materials Science (Dec. 1997) Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. High-precision X-ray powder diffraction. BL15XU WEBRAM (National Institute for Materials Science) (Jan. 2000) Characterization of secondary battery related materials, semiconductors, fuel cells, catalysts, and several industrial materials using X-ray absorption fine structure measurements, X-ray diffraction (including X-ray reflectivity technique) and X-ray topography. BL16B2 SUNBEAM BM (SUNBEAM Consortium) (Oct. 1998) Characterization of secondary battery related materials, semiconductors, fuel cells, catalysts, and structural materials using X-ray diffraction, X-ray microbeam based evaluation techniques (including X-ray magnetic circular dichroism), hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and fluorescence X-ray analysis. BL16XU SUNBEAM ID (SUNBEAM Consortium) (Oct. 1998) Materials science under high-pressure. Resonant X-ray scattering. Speckle scattering. Residual stress / strain distribution analysis. Surface chemistry with supersonic molecular beam. Biophysical spectroscopy. Photoelectron spectroscopy. Magnetic circular dichroism. BL22XU JAEA Quantum Structural Science BL23SU JAEA Actinide Science (May 2002) (Feb. 1998) Surface/interface analysis for industry by fluorescent X-ray analysis, strain measurements and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. Microbeam formation studies for materials and life sciences. Micro-SAXS for local long-range structure analysis. BL24XU Hyogo ID (Hyogo Prefecture) (May. 1998) Analysis of rechargeable batteries. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Time-resolved X-ray diffraction and XAFS. Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. BL28XU (Apr. 2012) RISING (Kyoto University) RISING: Research & Development Initiative for Scientific Innovation of New Generation Batteries (Oct. 2013) Production of high intensity GeV photon beam by laser-backward Compton scattering. Hadron physics via photonucleon and photonuclear reactions. Test and calibration of detectors with GeV gamma-ray and converted electrons/positrons. BL31LEP Laser-Electron Photon II (RCNP, Osaka University) Meson photoproduction from nucleon and nucleus. Photoexcitation of hyperons, nucleon resonances, and other exotic states. Photonuclear reactions. Beam diagnoses. Test and calibration of detectors with GeV photon beam. BL33LEP Laser-Electron Photon (RCNP, Osaka University) (Jun. 1999) Time-resolved XAFS. Characterization of industrial materials, such as catalysts, secondary batteries, fuel cells. BL33XU (Apr. 2009) TOYOTA (TOYOTA Central R&D Labs., Inc.) Real time analysis of catalytic reaction dynamics for fuel cells: time resolved XAFS and X-ray diffraction, 2D scanning microscopic XAFS, 3D computed tomography/laminography XAFS, ambient pressure hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. BL36XU Catalytic Reaction Dynamics for Fuel Cells (The University of Electro-Communications) (Jan.2013) Crystal structure analysis of biological macromolecular assemblies (e.g., membrane protein complexes, protein complexes, protein-nucleic acid complexes, and viruses). BL44XU Macromolecular Assemblies (IPR, Osaka University) (May 1999) Research Frontiers 2015 Research Frontiers 2015 142 IV. User Program and Statistics SPring-8 calls for public use proposals twice a year, in principle. The submitted proposals are reviewed by the SPring-8 Proposal Review Committee (SPring-8 PRC). Since 1997, SPring-8 has accepted a variety of proposals. For the promotion of research on industrial applications at SPring-8, the Industrial Application Division was established in 2005. With consultation support for industrial users provided by the division's coordinators, currently, Industrial Application Proposals account for approximately 20% of the total number of proposals conducted at the public beamlines. In addition, the Measurement Service was introduced in 2007B, wherein the personnel of the Industrial Application Division carry out XAFS measurements on behalf of users at BL14B2. SPring-8 also launched a Protein Crystallography Data Collection Service at BL38B1 and Powder X-ray Diffraction Measurement Service at BL19B2 in 2009B, a Hard X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (HAXPES) Measurement Service, and a Thin Film Analysis (GIXD/ XRR) Measurement Service at BL46XU in 2012B, and a Small Angle Scattering (SAXS) Measurement Service at BL19B2 in 2014B. In FY2015, JASRI established t h e S o c i a l I n t e r e s t P r o p o s a l s and the Epoch-Making Initiatives Projects, which are new types of proposals at the public beamlines. The purpose of the former is to support research proposals with themes that attract public interest and meet social requirements, and the latter is to establish and develop unexplored fields in combined and interdisciplinary research beyond the boundaries of traditional fields and to broaden the basis for using SPring-8. I n F Y 2 0 1 5 , J A S R I h a s a l s o improved the beamtime allocation system for research proposals in the field of Life Science(L1)/Protein Crystal Analysis with the use of SPring-8 Public Macromolecular Crystallography Beamlines. These main improvement points are as follows: (i) The SPring-8 Proposal Review Committee (PRC) will determine only the acceptance or rejection of a proposal and the order of priority. (ii) The research period for the proposal is one year. (iii) A questionnaire on the beamtime allocation (the number of shifts, date of use, desired beamline) must be completed by project leaders four times a year. SPring-8 has consistently provided ~4,000 h of user beamtime per year. Since the start of its operation in 1997, SPring-8 has succeeded in providing users with a total beamtime of 70,797 h. The beamtime available to users, the number of experiments conducted, and the number of user visits at the public and contract beamlines are summarized in Fig. 3. Part of the proposals are for proprietary use, for which refereed reports are not required. More details can be found at http://www.spring8.or.jp/en/about_us/spring8data/ . Half-year Research Term Number of Proposals Number of User Visits 1997B 1998A 1999A 1999B 2000A 2000B 2001A 2001B 2002A 2002B 2003A 2003B 2004A 2004B 2005A 2005B 2006A 2006B 2007A 2007B 2009B 2010A 2012A 2011B 2008A 2008B 2009A 2011A 2010B 2013B 2013A 2015B 2015A 2012B 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 2014B 2014A Conducted Proposals (Contract Beamline) Conducted Proposals (Public Beamline) Users Fig. 3. Numbers of user visits and conducted experiments. As of March 2016, the total number of registered refereed papers since the opening of SPring-8 was 11,498, out of which 9,575 papers resulted from the use of public beamlines (including public use at other beamlines), 2,355 papers from that of contract beamlines, 1,151 papers from that of RIKEN beamlines, and 557 papers from hardware/software R&D. The papers resulting from the use of two or more beamlines are counted for each beamline. More details can be found at http://www.spring8.or.jp/en/about_us/spring8data/ and the publication database is available at https://user. spring8.or.jp/uisearch/publication2/ . When SPring-8 started operation in 1997, it was jointly managed by RIKEN, JAERI (now JAEA), and JASRI. However, JAERI withdrew from the management of SPring-8 on September 30, 2005. SPring-8 is currently administered by RIKEN and JASRI in a collaboratively manner. The total budget for the operation of SPring-8 in FY2015 was 9.259 billion yen. As of October 2015, RIKEN and JASRI have a total of 506 staff members. V. Research Outcomes VI. Budget and Personnel Research Frontiers 2015 Research Frontiers 2015 Research Frontiers 2015 Research Frontiers 2015 143 VII. Research Complex The facilities of SPring-8, SACLA, and NewSUBARU form the Center of Excellence (COE) at the SPring-8 campus, where JASRI, public beamline users, the contractors of contract beamlines, RIKEN, and the University of Hyogo work in close cooperation, forming a research complex where each member has their own role in delivering high-quality results in the field of synchrotron radiation science and technology. The organizational charts of RIKEN and JASRI, which are at the center of this research complex, are shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 , respectively. XFEL Research and Development Division RSC-University of Hyogo Leading Program Center T. Ishikawa T. Ishikawa S. Hoshino RIKEN SPring-8 Center RIKEN Harima Branch SPring-8 Center Planning Office S. Goto T. Ishikawa M. Yamamoto Advanced Photon Technology Division H. Tanaka T. Ishikawa Engineering Division T. Ishikawa RIKEN RSC-Rigaku Collaboration Center Y. Shiro Photon Science Research Division Innovative Light Source Division Safety Center Harima Administrative Division Advanced X-ray Laser Lab. T. Tanaka Control Sytem and Information Technology Group S. Goto Diffraction Limited Synchrotron Radiation Design Group H. Tanaka Biometal Science Lab. Y. Shiro Materials Dynamics Lab. A. Baron M. Takata Biostructural Mechanism Lab. K. Yonekura M T k Materials Visualization Photon Science Group SACLA Science Res. Group S. Iwata Bio-specimen platform Group N. Kunishima Research Infrastructure Group M. Yamamoto Accelerator Research and Development Group H. Tanaka Beam Line Research and Development Group M. Yabashi Safety Design Group Y. Asano S. Hoshino K. Yamashita RIKEN Fig. 4. RIKEN Harima Branch chart as of April 2016. Fig. 5. JASRI chart as of April 2016. Research Coordination Div. User Administration Div. Y. Tsutsui M. Suzuki T. Kinoshita General Affairs Div. President : Managing Exec. Director : Y. Doi H. Fujita, A. Yamakawa, R. Tanaka Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) Research Sector Industrial Application Div. Controls and Computing Div. Light Source and Optics Div. Research & Utilization Div. Y. Sakurai Y. Sakurai Y. Ohishi M. Sato H. Ohashi T. Tanaka S. Kimura T. Uruga Y. Sakurai T. Nakamura T. Uruga T. Watanabe S. Sasaki S. Goto T. Ohata T. Matsushita A. Yamashita K. Takeshita S. Goto T. Matsushita S. Goto XFEL Utilization Div. T. Hatsui M. Yabashi M. Yabashi Y. Sakurai I. Hirosawa Protein Crystal Analysis Div. T. Kumasaka N. Yagi Administration Sector Safety Office Safety H. Hanaki Accelerator Div. Operation and Beam Dynamics Group Spectroscopy Group II Spectroscopy Group I Bio- and Soft-materials Group Materials Structure Group II Materials Structure Group I Information & Network Group Industrial User Support Group Hard X-ray Spectroscopy Group Nanotechnology Research Promotion Group Accelerator Group I Accelerator Group II Advanced Application Development Group Equipment Controls Group Transport Channel & Radiation Shield Group Optics Group Insertion Device & Front End Group Engineering Support Group Y. Tamenori Utilization Frontier R & D Group Advanced Measurement & Analysis Group Advanced Light Source & Optics Res. Group Structure Analysis Promotion Group Research Frontiers 2015 Research Frontiers 2015 144 VIII. Users Societies and Other Activities The SPring-8 Users Community (SPRUC) is a user society that includes not only all users but also potential users who are interested in using SPring-8. In addition to these individuals, representative organizations of about 24 institutes (principal universities, national/international research institutes, industries, beamline consortiums), participate in SPRUC to discuss further promotion of the utilization of SPring-8 from the strategic and perspective viewpoints. As one of the key activities of SPRUC, the SPring-8 Symposium is held annually at the site of one of the representing organizations jointly with RIKEN and JASRI. SPring-8 Symposium 2015, with the theme "Global Innovation Utilizing Synchrotron Radiation Science-From Global View Point," was held at Kyushu University on September 13 and 14, 2015. SPRUC provides the Young Scientist Award to recognize pioneering achievements in photon science by individual young scientists using SPring-8. The award ceremony and award lecture were held at the SPring-8 Symposium. The SPRUC 2015 Young Scientist Award was conferred to two young scientists (Dr. Kaye Morgan, Monash University and Dr. Satoshi Matsuyama, Osaka University). SPring-8 Symposium 2016 is scheduled to be held on August 29 and 30, at Kwansei Gakuin University. In accordance with the recommendation by the "WG on Reorganization of SPRUC Research Groups," SPRUC has established "SPRUC multidisciplinary research groups" that work in multidisciplinary research fields in order to promote the use of SPring-8 in the new areas that will be important for future developments in science and technology. This was one of the main activities of SPRUC in 2015. Four multidisciplinary research fields and four program officers, each leading a multidisciplinary research group, were designated following comprehensive advice from the advisors of the SPRUC research groups. For the constant renewal of the system, each multidisciplinary research group works two years and is then expected to organize a new research group. Two multidisciplinary research groups for nanodevice science and application were launched in 2015 through an innovative use of SPring-8 via organic collaboration with JASRI and RIKEN. Two more research groups will start their activities soon. Moreover, research groups were reorganized at the end of March 2016 and new research groups will start from April 2016. SPring-8 Users Community (SPRUC) Young Scientist Award Prof. A. Takahara, Dr. K. Morgan, Dr. S. Matsuyama, and Prof. J. Mizuki Research Frontiers 2015 Research Frontiers 2015 145 Other Activities w The 23rd SPring-8 Open House April 26, 2015 • SPring-8 w The 15th SPring-8 Summer School 2015 July 5 – 8, 2015 • Public Relations Center, SPring-8 w The 9th AOFSRR School - Cheiron School 2015 September 10 – 19, 2015 • Public Relations Center, SPring-8
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