This volume is the third issue of the SPring-8 Research Frontiers and presents the results of the most impressive experiments carried out at the SPring-8 facility from September 1999 to June 2000. This corresponds to the users period of 1999B (from Sep. 29 to Dec. 24, 1999) and 2000A (fr om Jan . 19 to Jun e 16, 200 0). Bea m tim e of 430 shi fts (17 4 shi fts in 199 9B and 256 shi fts in 20 00 A) we re de di ca te d to mo re th an 77 0 us er ex pe ri me nt s. Th es e we re pe rf or me d by ov er 60 00 users via 24 beamlines (17 public, 4 JAERI / RIKEN and 4 contract beamlines ). Reflecting the high performance of the storage ring and development of high performance instrumentation and experimental technology relating to the outstanding physical characteristics of s y n c h r o t r o n r a d i a t i o n , r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s a t S P r i n g - 8 h a v e i n c r e a s e d b o t h i n t h e i r b r e a d t h a n d significance leading to a number of important findings. The experiments covered in this report are classified by topic into six groups: Life Science, D if fr a c ti o n a n d S c a tt e r in g , X A F S , S p e c tr o s c o p y , I n s tr u m e n ta ti o n a n d T e c h n iq u e s , a n d I n d u s tr ia l A p p l i c a t i o n s . A t o t a l o f 7 5 3 e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e p u r s u e d r e s u l t i n g f r o m 1 0 5 4 p r o p o s a l s . T h e s e exper iment s are separ ated by topic as follo ws with the numb er of prop osals given in paren thesi s: 150 (176) in Life Science, 216 (360) in Diffract ion & Scatteri ng, 86 (155) in XAFS, 61 (87) in Spectroscopy, 59 (77) in Instrumentation & Techniques, and 181 (199) in Industrial Applications. The above number does not include experiments pursued mainly by the in-house staff of SPring-8. Six experiments in the field of Life Science are presented in this volume. An undulator beamline for the structural analysis of macro-molecular assemblies became operational during this pe ri od . Fu rt he rm or e, da ta co ll ec ti on fo r MA D ph as in g is no w a ne ar ly ro ut in e pr oc ed ur e of al l be am li ne s us ed in th e st ud y of st ru ct ur al bi ol og y. Ma ny ou ts ta nd in g re su lt s ha ve be en ob ta in ed through use of these beamlines. In addition to structural analysis, time-resolved X-ray diffraction was studied at the small-angle X-ray scattering station of BL45XU. Additionally, a high-resolution X - r a y C T ( c o m p u t e r t o m o g r a p h y ) i m a g i n g t e c h n i q u e h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d w i t h p o t e n t i a l u s e i n medical applications. In this volume seven reports are selected from the Diffraction and Scattering group. In addition to the existing beamlines, two new beamlines, BL02B2 and BL04B2, became operational in 1999. It should be emphasized that four out of the seven studies in this group were performed using n e w l y d e v e l o p e d b e a m l i n e s . R e f l e c t i n g i t s h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e i n h a r d w a r e a s w e l l a s t h e n e w l y developed method of MEM/ Rietveld analysis, many outstanding results were produced at BL02B2 in a very short time. Through use of beamline BL04B2 it is possible to obtain an accurate structure factor up to high scattering Q of 35 A -1 . Five experiments are selected from the XAFS group. XAFS analysis has become the standard method of clarifying the relationship between the function and the atomic and/or electronic structure of materials in order to develop more useful materials. Development of the XAFS method continues using a number of specific features of SPring-8, such as high brilliance, polarization and microbeam, and pursuing in situ experiments under extreme conditions. Spectroscopic studies at SPring-8 cover Compton scattering, magnetic X-ray scattering, magnetic circular dichroism , spectrosc opy of atoms and molecules , photoemis sion spectrosc opy of solids, and infrared spectroscopy. Although SPring-8 is the world’s most advanced radiation source in the hard X-ray region, it also provides a highly brilliant and very stable soft X-ray beam, and is one of the most powerful tools available in photoemission spectroscopy. Three experiments from the Spectroscopy group are presented in this volume. Three experiments are presented from the Instrumentation and Techniques group. The development of microbeam optics has been pursued preferentially at SPring-8 and submicron spatial re so lu ti on s ha ve be en re al iz ed by us in g va ri ou s ty pe s of fo cu si ng le ns es . A ne w ty pe of sa gi tt al f o c u s i n g b e n d e r w a s d e v e l o p e d f o r t h e s t a n d a r d m o n o c h r o m a t o r o f S P r i n g - 8 b e n d i n g m a g n e t beamline. A new section entitled “Industrial Applications” is added in this issue of SPring-8 Research Frontiers. Industrial application of synchrotron radiation is one of the major aims of the SPring-8 project and the coordinator system has recently been introduced in JASRI to promote the industrial applications in SPring-8. It should be noted that 24% of all the experiments in 1999B and 2000A periods were performed in conjunction with industry. In 2000, a 27 m-long undulator was installed in the storage ring and the world’s most brilliant X-ray was successfully extracted. As the initial ring had no long straight sections for the long undulators, it was converted to the new ring with long magnet-free spaces before installing the lon g und ula tor . Dur ing the sum mer shu t dow n tim e in 200 0, the ini tia l lat tic e str uct ure (ph ase -I optics) of the storage ring was changed to the new lattice structure ( Phase-II optics) that has four long magnet-free straight sections by rearranging the focusing magnets. Remodeling of the lattice structure and beam commissioning was successfully completed in the middle of September. The beam performance achieved by the Phase-II optics is almost nearly identical to that of the phase-I optics. W o r k s p e r f o r m e d t o w a r d t h e i m p r o v e m e n t o f t h e a c c e l e r a t o r p e r f o r m a n c e a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f insertion devices and detectors are also presented in this issue along with the status reports of the facility in 2000. Hiromichi Kamitsubo Director SPring-8 / JASRI
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